Method of prognosis

ABSTRACT

Provided is a method for prognosing ACS in a subject, the method comprising determining plasma MIF and Nt-ProBNP (or BNP) concentrations in a sample from the subject, diagnosing ACS when the subject plasma concentrations are greater than a reference MIF and Nt-proBNP (or BNP) plasma concentration, and prognosing the magnitude of ACS from the subject plasma MIF and Nt-proBNP (or BNP) concentrations. Also provided are a device, a kit and a cardiac biomarker panel related to the methods of prognosing ACS.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to a method for prognosing acute coronary syndrome, and a cardiac biomarker for use in the methods. The invention also relates to a device and a kit for use according to the methods.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Reference to any prior art in the specification is not an acknowledgment or suggestion that this prior art forms part of the common general knowledge in any jurisdiction or that this prior art could reasonably be expected to be understood, regarded as relevant, and/or combined with other pieces of prior art by a skilled person in the art.

The use of plasma biomarkers has become central to the diagnosis and prognosis of cardiovascular events. For example, the prognostic impact of myoglobin elevation among patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) is well established.

Current therapies and timely primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) have significantly improved the prognosis of patients with ST-segment elevated myocardial infarction (STEMI) during the last few decades. However, recurrent major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) after STEMI remains common. Early risk stratification of patients with high risk of long-term MACE is critical for allocation of aggressiveness of therapy and intensity of care to improve their prognosis.

Existing plasma biomarkers that can be utilised to diagnose and/or prognose STEMI or acute coronary syndrome include myoglobin, creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB), and troponin. Each of these plasma biomarkers however are associated with problems. For instance, whilst myoglobin peaks in plasma approximately 2 hours after a cardiac event, it has low cardiac-specificity. Also, whilst CK peaks in plasma approximately 10 hours after a cardiac event, cumulative plasma CK concentrations are not available until at least 48 hours after the cardiac event. Furthermore, CK is not cardiac-specific.

Troponin has become the predominant plasma biomarker for the early detection of acute coronary syndrome such as myocardial necrosis, and has largely superseded the measurement of CK. The single measurement of plasma troponin is one of the most sensitive and specific tests for myocardial necrosis at present. Whilst current evidence suggests that a low single admission troponin can be used to exclude (rule out) a diagnosis of ACS in subjects with a low a probability of ACS, most patients require 5 serial measures over 6 or more hours to safely exclude such a diagnosis.

Therefore, there is a need for a new or improved method for prognosing acute coronary syndrome.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides a method for providing a prognosis of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in a subject comprising:

-   -   determining the concentration of         -   (a) macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) or a             fragment thereof, and         -   (b) N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide             (Nt-proBNP) or a fragment thereof,         -   in a sample from the subject,         -   and     -   prognosing ACS when the subject plasma MIF and Nt-proBNP         concentration is greater than a reference plasma MIF and a         reference plasma Nt-proBNP concentration.

The present invention provides a method for providing a prognosis of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in a subject comprising:

-   -   determining the concentration of         -   (a) macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) or a             fragment thereof, and         -   (b) B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) or a fragment thereof,         -   in a sample from the subject,         -   and     -   prognosing ACS when the subject plasma MIF and BNP concentration         is greater than a reference plasma MIF and a reference plasma         BNP concentration.

The present invention also provides a method for providing a prognosis of a subject having ACS, the method comprising

-   -   determining the concentration of         -   (a) macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) or a             fragment thereof, and         -   (b) N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide             (Nt-proBNP) or a fragment thereof,         -   in a sample from the subject,

comparing the concentration of MIF to a reference MIF concentration,

comparing the concentration of Nt-proBNP to a reference Nt-proBNP concentration,

wherein the concentration of MIF and Nt-proBNP compared to their respective reference concentrations is indicative of the subject's prognosis.

The present invention also provides a method for providing a prognosis of a subject having ACS, the method comprising

determining the concentration of

-   -   (a) macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) or a fragment         thereof, and     -   (b) B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) or a fragment thereof, in a         sample from the subject,

comparing the concentration of MIF to a reference MIF concentration,

comparing the concentration of BNP to a reference BNP concentration,

wherein the concentration of MIF and BNP compared to their respective reference concentrations is indicative of the subject's prognosis.

The present invention also provides a method for providing a prognosis of a subject having ACS, the method comprising

determining the concentration of

-   -   (a) macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) or fragment         thereof, and     -   (b) N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide         (Nt-proBNP) or a fragment thereof     -   in a sample from the subject,

comparing the concentration of MIF to a reference MIF concentration,

comparing the concentration of Nt-proBNP to a reference Nt-proBNP concentration,

wherein the reference concentrations of MIF and Nt-proBNP are concentrations below those which correlate with an increased probability of survival and a decreased probability of non-fatal cardiac events at a later time, and above those which correlate with a decreased probability of survival and an increased probability of non-fatal cardiac events at a later time,

thereby providing a prognosis of a subject having ACS.

The present invention also provides a method for providing a prognosis of a subject having ACS, the method comprising

determining the concentration of

-   -   (c) macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) or fragment         thereof, and     -   (d) B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) or a fragment thereof     -   in a sample from the subject,

comparing the concentration of MIF to a reference MIF concentration,

comparing the concentration of BNP to a reference BNP concentration,

wherein the reference concentrations of MIF and BNP are concentrations below those which correlate with an increased probability of survival and a decreased probability of non-fatal cardiac events at a later time, and above those which correlate with a decreased probability of survival and an increased probability of non-fatal cardiac events at a later time,

thereby providing a prognosis of a subject having ACS.

The present invention also provides a method for providing a prognosis of a subject having ACS, the method comprising

analysing levels of (a) macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) or fragment thereof, and (b) N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide (Nt-proBNP) or a fragment thereof, in a sample from the subject,

determining the concentration of MIF or fragment thereof and Nt-proBNP or a fragment thereof in the sample from the subject,

comparing the concentration of MIF or fragment thereof to a reference MIF concentration,

comparing the concentration of Nt-proBNP or fragment thereof to a reference Nt-proBNP concentration,

assigning the subject to a risk group based on whether the concentration of MIF or fragment thereof is higher or lower than the reference concentration, and whether the concentration of Nt-proBNP or fragment thereof is higher or lower than the reference concentration,

wherein a concentration of MIF or fragment thereof that is higher than the reference MIF concentration indicates a low likelihood of survival and/or high likelihood of non-fatal cardiac events,

wherein a concentration of Nt-proBNP or fragment thereof that is higher than the reference Nt-proBNP concentration indicates a low likelihood of survival and/or high likelihood of non-fatal cardiac events,

thereby providing a prognosis of a subject having ACS.

The present invention also provides a method for providing a prognosis of a subject having ACS, the method comprising

analysing levels of (a) macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) or fragment thereof, and (b) B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) or a fragment thereof, in a sample from the subject,

determining the concentration of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) or fragment thereof and B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) or a fragment thereof in the sample from the subject,

comparing the concentration of MIF or fragment thereof to a reference MIF concentration,

comparing the concentration of BNP or fragment thereof to a reference BNP concentration,

assigning the subject to a risk group based on whether the concentration of MIF or fragment thereof is higher or lower than the reference concentration, and whether the concentration of BNP or fragment thereof is higher or lower than the reference concentration,

wherein a concentration of MIF or fragment thereof that is higher than the reference MIF concentration indicates a low likelihood of survival and/or high likelihood of non-fatal cardiac events,

wherein a concentration of BNP or fragment thereof that is higher than the reference BNP concentration indicates a low likelihood of survival and/or high likelihood of non-fatal cardiac events,

thereby providing a prognosis of a subject having ACS.

The present invention also provides a method for providing a prognosis of a subject having ACS, the method comprising

determining the concentration of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) or a fragment thereof in a sample from the subject,

wherein if the concentration of MIF from the sample from the subject is equal to or higher than about 70 ng/ml the subject is determined to have a decreased probability of survival and an increased probability of non-fatal cardiac events at a later time,

wherein if the concentration of MIF from the sample from the subject is lower than about 70 ng/ml the subject is determined to have an increased probability of survival and a decreased probability of non-fatal cardiac events at a later time,

thereby providing a prognosis of a subject having ACS.

The present invention also provides a method for providing a prognosis of a subject having ACS, the method comprising

determining the concentration of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) or a fragment thereof in a sample from the subject,

comparing the concentration of MIF to reference MIF concentrations of about 40 ng/ml and about 70 ng/ml,

wherein if the concentration of MIF from the sample from the subject is equal to or lower than about 40 ng/ml the subject is determined to have a high probability of survival and a low probability of non-fatal cardiac events at a later time,

wherein if the concentration of MIF from the sample from the subject is equal to or higher than about 70 ng/ml the subject is determined to have a low probability of survival and a high probability of non-fatal cardiac events at a later time,

thereby providing a prognosis of a subject having ACS.

In any aspect of the invention, the prognosis is of survival, preferably long term survival, or non-fatal cardiac events. Survival may be selected from MACE-Free survival, all-cause mortality free survival, cardiac death free survival or heart failure (HF) rehospitalisation free survival, or any other survival described herein. Non-fatal cardiac events may include MACE and adverse improvement of LVEF.

In any aspect of the invention, the prognosis may be indicative of survival 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 28, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, 52, 54, 56, 58, 60, 62, 64, 66, 68, 70, 72, 74, 76, 78, 80 or more, months following diagnosis of ACS.

In any aspect of the invention, the present invention further comprises determining the concentration of troponin or a fragment thereof. Preferably, the troponin is high sensitive-troponin T (hs-TnT). The method also further comprises comparing the concentration of troponin or a fragment thereof to a reference troponin concentration. The reference concentration of troponin is a concentration below which correlates with an increased probability of survival and a decreased probability of non-fatal cardiac events at a later time, and above which correlates with a decreased probability of survival and an increased probability of non-fatal cardiac events.

In any aspect of the invention, the concentration of either BNP, or a fragment thereof, or N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide (Nt-proBNP), or a fragment thereof, may be measured, analysed or determined. BNP is synthesized as a 134-amino acid preprohormone (preproBNP), encoded by the human gene NPPB. Removal of the 25-residue N-terminal signal peptide generates the prohormone, proBNP, which is stored intracellularly as an O-linked glycoprotein; proBNP is subsequently cleaved between arginine-102 and serine-103 by a specific convertase into Nt-proBNP and the biologically active 32-amino acid polypeptide BNP, which are secreted into the blood in equimolar amounts.

In any aspect of the invention, the method comprises determining the concentrations of MIF, Nt-proBNP (or BNP) and/or troponin from plasma, blood or serum. Preferably, the method comprises determining the concentrations of MIF, Nt-proBNP and/or troponin from plasma.

In any aspect of the invention, the acute coronary syndrome is acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The AMI may be ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) or non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (non-STEMI). Preferably, the AMI is STEMI. In some embodiments, the subject with STEMI may have been treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).

In any aspect of the invention, the method further comprises performing a step of performing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and/or thrombolysis on the subject. Preferably, the performing a step of performing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and/or thrombolysis is only performed on those subjects identified as having a poor prognosis, or in other words, a decreased or low likelihood of survival and an increased or high likelihood of non-fatal cardiac events.

In any aspect of the invention, the method comprises determining MIF concentrations in a sample taken less than 4 hours after symptom onset or hospital admission. Alternatively, a MIF sample may be taken from a subject obtained 210 minutes, 180 minutes, 150 minutes, 120 minutes, 110 minutes, 100 minutes, 90 minutes, 80 minutes, 70 minutes, 60 minutes, 50 minutes, 40 minutes, 30 minutes, 20 minutes, 10 minutes or 5 minutes or less after symptom onset or hospital admission.

In any aspect of the invention, the method comprises determining Nt-proBNP or BNP concentration in a sample taken about, or between, any of the following: 0.5 days, 1.0 day, 1.5 days, 2.0 days, 2.5 days, 3.0 days, 3.5 days, 4.0 days, 4.5 days, 5.0 days, 5.5 days, 6.0 days, 6.5 days or more after symptom onset or hospital admission. Preferably, Nt-proBNP or BNP concentrations are determined in a sample obtained from a patient about 3 days following symptom onset or hospital admission.

In any aspect of the invention, the method comprises determining troponin concentration in a sample taken about, or between, any of the following: 0.5 days, 1.0 day, 1.5 days, 2.0 days, 2.5 days, 3.0 days, 3.5 days, 4.0 days, 4.5 days, 5.0 days, 5.5 days, 6.0 days, 6.5 days, 7.0 days, 7.5 days, 8.0 days, 8.5 days, 9.0 days, 9.5 days, 10.0 days, 10.5 days, 11 days, 11.5 days, 12 days or more after symptom onset or hospital admission. Preferably, the troponin is high sensitive-troponin T (hs-TnT).

In any aspect of the invention, the concentration of MIF, Nt-proBNP or BNP, and troponin are determined in the same sample. Alternatively, Nt-proBNP or BNP, troponin and MIF may be determined from different samples.

The present invention provides a method of providing a prognosis of a subject following a diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) comprising determining the concentration of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide (Nt-proBNP) or a fragment thereof in a sample from the subject, and prognosing ACS when the subject MIF and Nt-proBNP concentration is greater than a reference MIF and Nt-proBNP concentration.

In any aspect of the invention, the method comprises determining whether the concentration of MIF falls within the concentration range of between about 40 ng/ml to 70 ng/ml, less than about 40 ng/ml or more than about 70 ng/ml. Preferably, a MIF concentration of more than about 70 ng/ml is associated with the worst prognosis. In any aspect of the invention, the reference concentration may be 40 ng/ml, 70 ng/ml or any one of the concentrations described in Table 2.

In any aspect of the invention, the method comprises determining whether the concentration of hs-TnT falls within the range of about 2.5 ng/ml to about 4.5 ng/ml, equal to or less than about 2.5 ng/ml, or equal to or more than about 4.5 ng/ml. Preferably, a hs-TnT concentration of equal to or more than about 4.5 ng/ml is associated with the worst prognosis. In any aspect of the invention, the reference concentration may be 2.5 ng/ml, 4.5 ng/ml or any one of the concentrations described in Table 2.

In any aspect of the invention, the method comprises determining whether the concentrations of Nt-proBNP fall within the range of between about 700 pg/ml to about 1200 pg/ml, equal to or less than about 700 pg/ml, or equal to or more than about 1200 pg/ml. Preferably, a concentration of Nt-proBNP more than about 1200 pg/ml is associated with the worst prognosis. In any aspect of the invention, the reference concentration may be 700 pg/ml, 1200 pg/ml or any one of the concentrations described in Table 2.

The present invention provides a method of treating acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in a subject, the method comprising:

determining macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) or fragment thereof and N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide (Nt-proBNP) or fragment thereof concentration in a sample taken from the subject, and prognosing ACS when the subject MIF and Nt-proBNP concentration is greater than a reference MIF and Nt-proBNP concentration, and

performing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and/or thrombinolysis on the subject.

In any aspect of the invention, the method further comprises means for determining the concentration of troponin. Preferably, the concentration of MIF, Nt-proBNP and/or troponin are determined from plasma.

The present invention provides a device comprising means for determining concentration of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) or N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide (Nt-proBNP), in a sample from a subject, for use in any method described herein.

In any aspect of the invention, the device further comprises means for determining the concentration of troponin. Preferably, the device is a point of care device. Preferably, the concentration of MIF, Nt-proBNP and/or troponin are determined from plasma.

In any aspect of the invention, concentration of MIF, Nt-proBNP and/or troponin may be determined by immunoassay.

In any aspect of the invention, there is provided a kit comprising a reagent for measuring macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide (Nt-proBNP) concentration in a sample from a subject, and/or comprising the device defined above. Preferably, the kit is for use in any method described herein.

In any aspect of the invention, there is provided a kit comprising a reagent for measuring macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) concentration in a sample from a subject, and/or comprising the device defined above. Preferably, the kit is for use in any method described herein.

In any aspect of the invention, the kit further comprises means for determining the concentration of troponin. Preferably, the troponin is high sensitive-troponin T (hs-TnT). Preferably, the concentrations of MIF, Nt-proBNP (or BNP) and/or troponin are determined from plasma.

In any aspect of the invention, the reagent may comprise an anti-MIF antibody, an anti-Nt-proBNP (or BNP) antibody and/or and anti-troponin antibody.

In any aspect of the invention, there is provided a cardiac biomarker panel comprising plasma MIF and Nt-proBNP (or BNP) in a sample from a subject, wherein plasma MIF and Nt-proBNP (or BNP) concentration greater than a reference plasma MIF and Nt-proBNP (or BNP) concentration is prognostic of the magnitude of ACS in the subject. The cardiac biomarker panel may further comprise plasma troponin in a sample from a subject.

As used herein, except where the context requires otherwise, the term “comprise” and variations of the term, such as “comprising”, “comprises” and “comprised”, are not intended to exclude further additives, components, integers or steps.

Further aspects of the present invention and further embodiments of the aspects described in the preceding paragraphs will become apparent from the following description, given by way of example and with reference to the accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1. Study flow chart. A total of 489 patients with confirmed diagnosis of STEMI were initially recruited into this prospective study. Of them, 35 patients were excluded based on exclusion criteria and another 33 patients were omitted due to lack of admission MIF measure (n=8) or lost during follow-up, leading to the final study cohort of 421 patients. Echocardiography was performed at day-3 and then at 12 months during follow-up period. Biochemical assays include MIF (admission), hs-TnT and CK-MB (within 48 hours), Nt-proBNP and Hs-CRP (both at day-3). CAG, coronary angiography; PPCI, primary percutaneous coronary intervention; hs-TnT, high sensitive troponin T; CK-MB, creatine kinase MB; Nt-proBNP, N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide; CRP, C-reactive protein.

FIG. 2. Admission MIF correlated with 3-day/12-month LVEF and improvement. (A-B) Admission MIF was negatively correlated with LVEF by echocardiography performed on day-3 and 12 months (F12) post STEMI. (C) MIF level was also divided into 3 groups according to tertiles. After calculating differences of LVEF (ΔLVEF) of the two time-points, patients with high tertile MIF showed lack of spontaneous improvement of LVEF relative to other two groups (P<0.001).

FIG. 3. All-cause death, cardiovascular death, HF re-hospitalisation and MACE according to tertiles of admission MIF concentrations. Kaplan-Meier event-free survival curves for (A) All-cause death, (B) Cardiovascular death, (C) Mace and (D) HF re-hospitalisation admission in STEMI patients according to tertile MIF. Patients of high tertile MIF levels (red line, 270.9 ng/ml; n=140) were compared with those of median tertile (black line, 40.4-70.8 ng/ml; n=140) and low tertile (black dotted line, <40.4 ng/ml; n=141)

FIG. 4. Risk stratification of MACE In STEMI patients according to tertiles of plasma MIF and NT-proBNP concentrations. Combination of admission MIF and Nt-proBNP (day-3) identified sub-groups of patients with increased risk of MACE during the follow-up period. Patients were separately divided into tertile groups based on MIF and Nt-proBNP levels. The risk of MACE significantly increased in patients with both biomarkers in high tertile compared with patients with both biomarkers in the low tertile (*P<0.001).

FIG. 5. All-cause mortality and MACE in patients according to whether MIF, Nt-proBNP and/or hs-TnT in high tertiles. Kaplan-Meier event-free survival curves for (A, C) All-cause death and (B, D) Mace in patients with STEMI based on MIF, Nt-proBNP, hs-TnT and proBNP levels. Patients were divided into tertile groups separately and defined as positive (+) group with high tertile, negative group with median or low tertile level. With respect to (A-B), four groups came into being as triple (+)(red line; n=39), single (+) (black line, median—MIF group; n=132) and double (+) (red dotted line, median-MIF group; n=85) and none (+) group (black dotted line; n=165). The relative degree of prognosis in order of best to worst is none group, single (+), double (+), and triple (+). With respect to (C-D), four groups came into being as Nt-proBNP (+) MIF (+) (red line, n=59), Nt-proBNP (−) MIF (+) (black line, n=81), Nt-proBNP (+) MIF (−) (dotted red line, n=81) and Nt-proBNP (−) MIF (−) (dotted black line, n=200). P-values in inserts indicate difference versus Nt-proBNP (−) MIF (−) group. The reference groups (−/− or −/−/−) refer to those cases, for the respective biomarker, that are not in the top tertile.

FIG. 6. Frequency distributions of MIF in STEMI patients, healthy subjects and non-Ischemia chest pain patients. Non-ischemia chest pain patients were patients presenting chest pain to emergency department finally without evidence of cardiac ischemia, infection, malignancy by following up through medical records or direct telephone contact with patients.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS

It will be understood that the invention disclosed and defined in this specification extends to all alternative combinations of two or more of the individual features mentioned or evident from the text or drawings. All of these different combinations constitute various alternative aspects of the invention.

Reference will now be made in detail to certain embodiments of the invention. While the invention will be described in conjunction with the embodiments, it will be understood that the intention is not to limit the invention to those embodiments. On the contrary, the invention is intended to cover all alternatives, modifications, and equivalents, which may be included within the scope of the present invention as defined by the claims.

One skilled in the art will recognize many methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein, which could be used in the practice of the present invention. The present invention is in no way limited to the methods and materials described. It will be understood that the invention disclosed and defined in this specification extends to all alternative combinations of two or more of the individual features mentioned or evident from the text or drawings. All of these different combinations constitute various alternative aspects of the invention.

All of the patents and publications referred to herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety.

For purposes of interpreting this specification, terms used in the singular will also include the plural and vice versa.

Long-term mortality and morbidity following acute myocardial infarction (AMI) are largely determined by myocardial infarction (MI) size, and the extent of left ventricular (LV) dysfunction. Primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) is now the established standard of treatment in patients with ST-elevation MI (STEMI) to limit infarct size and mortality. The inventors have surprisingly found that the determination of plasma concentration of MIF alone, or concentration of MIF and Nt-proBNP that are greater than normal (i.e. greater than a reference concentration) can prognose ACS, particularly STEMI, and can prognose survival and non-fatal cardiac events. The inventors have also advantageously found that the plasma concentrations of admission MIF, Nt-proBNP and troponin concentrations that are greater than normal (i.e. greater than a reference concentration) can prognose ACS, particularly STEMI, or prognose survival and non-fatal cardiac events.

Most subjects diagnosed with ACS such as AMI are treated by PPCI. In hospitals lacking PCI facilities, either permanently or temporarily, the inventors propose that the determination of plasma concentration of admission MIF alone; MIF and Nt-proBNP; or MIF, Nt-proBNP and troponin that are greater than normal (i.e. greater than a reference concentration) can establish whether or not a given subject should be transferred to a hospital with PCI facilities. Moreover, the inventors have found that the above defined combinations have prognostic impact, and accordingly early accurate prediction of MI size in patients with AMI is advantageous, particularly in complex patients, or where local health-care resources are limited.

The inventors unexpectedly found that the above defined plasma biomarkers are prognostic for survival or non-fatal cardiac events. The inventors herein show that the measurement of MIF alone at certain concentrations; concentrations of MIF and Nt-proBNP; or MIF, Nt-proBNP and troponin is an accurate approach to aid prognosis of ACS. Concentrations of MIF and Nt-proBNP; or MIF, Nt-proBNP and troponin are more indicative of prognostic outcome when compared to MIF measurement alone. The inventors validated their findings and in certain aspects provide at least the following advantages:

-   -   (1) Higher plasma MIF concentration following diagnosis of ACS         correlates with a more severe prognosis in the short and long         term following diagnosis;     -   (2) Subjects who experience higher plasma MIF concentration         following diagnosis of ACS are more likely to suffer from MACE,         cardiac death, heart failure or death due to any cause;     -   (3) Higher plasma MIF and Nt-proBNP is associated with a higher         risk of an event such as MACE or death and is a more accurate         prognostic tool when compared to the individual components;         and/or     -   (4) Higher plasma MIF, Nt-proBNP and troponin is associated with         a higher risk of an event such as MACE or death and is a more         accurate prognostic tool when compared to the individual         components.

In other words, higher plasma concentrations of MIF and Nt-proBNP; or plasma MIF, Nt-proBNP and troponin can act as independent indicators of adverse outcomes of ACS. This approach may facilitate the identification of a high risk group that are likely to be associated with a poor prognosis following ACS. Those with higher levels of either plasma MIF and Nt-proBNP; or MIF, Nt-proBNP and troponin can be identified as having a poor prognosis following ACS. Elevated plasma concentrations of MIF and Nt-proBNP; or MIF, Nt-proBNP and troponin therefore have implications for prognosis and patient management.

The current invention provides the clinician or physician caring for a subject with information about the likelihood of non-fatal cardiac events and survival. On the basis of the results of the method of the invention, the clinician or physician can do, amongst other things, (i) enroll the patient in clinical trials for new therapies for ACS, (ii) treat the subject with alternative therapies, such as those which target the biomarkers, (iii) discuss the likely treatment and outcome scenarios with the subject, (iv) provide more regular or extensive post-treatment surveillance for a subject identified as having a low likelihood of survival and/or high likelihood of non-fatal cardiac event, and/or (v) proceed to treat a subject identified as high risk with added confidence the treatment is likely to provide benefit to the subject.

In any embodiment of the invention, the method may comprise a further treatment step such as PCI and/or thrombinolysis. Thrombinolysis and PCI can be critical in reducing morbidity and mortality in STEMI. Early knowledge of prognosis during the decision-making process about patient management provides numerous advantages. Firstly, clinicians assessing patients in whom the diagnosis of STEMI is not obvious or stuttering may benefit from the knowledge that an elevated biomarker is predictive of patient prognosis, which would facilitate the decision-making process about the timeliness of treatment, reperfusion, as well as post reperfusion supportive cardiac care required in coronary care unit or intensive care. Secondly, in regions where health-care resources are limited, early knowledge of prognosis may influence whether to transport the patient to a PCI-capable hospital, or trial thrombinolysis first, especially in those with significant co-morbidities. When used in combination with Nt-proBNP, or alternatively with Nt-proBNP and troponin, MIF is useful in the clinical setting, especially in the emergency room setting as valuable prognostic indicators.

The combination measurement of MIF and Nt-proBNP; or MIF, Nt-proBNP and troponin will therefore be highly valuable in the ongoing management, including the use of adjunctive therapy, and of patients post PPCI, as it provides further prognostic information on MI size, in addition to the advantages outlined above.

The person skilled in the art will appreciate that the magnitude of plasma MIF concentration may vary depending on the characteristics of the assay used to measure MIF (e.g. different antibodies). Nevertheless, the person skilled in the art will also appreciate that, provided the appropriate control samples are analysed, the appropriate reference plasma MIF concentration can be determined.

A plasma MIF, Nt-proBNP (or BNP) or troponin concentration is greater than a reference plasma MIF concentration when it exceeds the reference plasma MIF, Nt-proBNP (or BNP) or troponin concentration by 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% or more. A plasma MIF, Nt-proBNP (or BNP) or troponin concentration that exceeds the reference plasma MIF, Nt-proBNP (or BNP) or troponin concentration by 50% is equivalent to a 1.5-fold greater plasma MIF, Nt-proBNP (or BNP) or troponin concentration, and a plasma MIF, Nt-proBNP (or BNP) or troponin concentration that exceeds the reference plasma MIF, Nt-proBNP (or BNP) or troponin concentration by 100% is equivalent to a 2-fold greater plasma MIF, Nt-proBNP (or BNP) or troponin concentration, and so on. Accordingly, a plasma MIF, Nt-proBNP (or BNP) or troponin concentration is greater than a reference plasma MIF, Nt-proBNP (or BNP) or troponin concentration when it is 2-fold, 2.5-fold, 3-fold, 3.5-fold, 4-fold, 4.5-fold, 5-fold, 5.5-fold, 6-fold, 6.5-fold, 7-fold, 7.5-fold, 8-fold, 8.5-fold, 9-fold, 9.5-fold, 10-fold or more than the reference plasma MIF, Nt-proBNP (or BNP) or troponin concentration. In another embodiment, a plasma MIF, Nt-proBNP (or BNP) or troponin concentration is greater than a reference plasma MIF, Nt-proBNP (or BNP) or troponin concentration when it exceeds the reference plasma MIF, Nt-proBNP (or BNP) or troponin concentration and the difference is statistically significant as determined by methods known to the person skilled in the art.

A skilled person will understand that concentrations of about 40 ng/ml to 70 ng/ml MIF are associated with a moderate severity prognosis, concentrations higher than about 70 ng/ml MIF are associated with the worst prognosis, whilst concentrations less than about 40 ng/ml MIF are associated with the best prognosis. A subject with a MIF level greater than about 70 ng/ml is indicative of a prognosis of a 5 year MACE rate of about 35% and death rate of about 20%.

A skilled person will understand that concentrations of troponin of about 2.5 ng/ml to about 4.5 ng/ml are associated with a moderate severity prognosis, concentrations higher than about 4.5 ng/ml are associated with the worst prognosis, whilst concentrations less than about 2.5 ng/ml are associated with better prognosis; with the best prognosis in combination with levels of MIF less than 40 ng/ml or levels of Nt-proBNP (or BNP) less than 700 pg/ml.

A subject with a troponin level greater than about 4.5 ng/ml in combination with MIF greater than about 70 ng/ml and BNP greater than about 1200 pg/ml is indicative of a 5 year MACE prognosis rate of about 50% and death prognosis rate of about 25%.

A subject with a MIF level greater than about 70 ng/ml and Nt-proBNP (or BNP) greater than about 1200 pg/ml is indicative of a 5 year MACE prognosis rate of about 50% and death prognosis rate of about 25%.

A skilled person will understand that concentrations of Nt-proBNP (or BNP) of about 700 pg/ml to about 1200 pg/ml are associated with a moderate severity prognosis, concentrations higher than about 1200 pg/ml are associated with the worst prognosis, whilst concentrations less than about 700 pg/ml are associated with better prognosis; with the best prognosis in combination with levels of MIF less than 40 ng/ml or levels of troponin less than 2.5 ng/ml.

Whilst MIF is an important early indicator of the prognosis of cardiovascular or acute myocardial ischaemic events, as shown herein, it is the combination of MIF and Nt-proBNP (or BNP); or MIF, Nt-proBNP (or BNP) and troponin that is the most clinically relevant measurement of prognosis of ACS, when compared to the individual components alone. Thus, in certain aspects present invention relates to a method for prognosing ACS, and a method for treating ACS by determining concentrations of MIF and Nt-proBNP (or BNP); or MIF, Nt-proBNP (or BNP) and troponin.

As used herein, a “method” for prognosing or treating ACS in a subject comprising determining plasma MIF and Nt-proBNP (or BNP); or MIF, Nt-proBNP (or BNP) and troponin concentration may be presented in an alternative form. In one example, the method may be in the form of “use” of plasma MIF concentration for diagnosing, prognosing or treating ACS in a subject. In a second example, the method may be in the form of plasma MIF concentration “for use” in prognosing or treating ACS in a subject. In another form, the method may be in the Swiss form “use of plasma MIF concentration in the manufacture” of a prognostic agent or a medicament.

In a preferred embodiment, the method of prognosis of ACS in a subject is performed in vitro on a plasma (or serum or blood) sample. In other words, any method of the invention may be an in vitro method.

In one embodiment, the methods of the invention do not comprise a step of taking a sample from the subject.

Subsequent to prognosis of ACS in the subject, the method may further comprise treating the subject by percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and/or thrombolysis.

The currently recommended treatment for STEMI is primary PCI (ie PCI delivered as soon as possible after diagnosis) if this is available and can be delivered in a timely fashion. PCI Involves the placement in the femoral, radial (or occasionally) brachial artery of a catheter with a lumen which is then introduced, under X ray imaging, into the coronary artery containing the stenosis/thrombosis responsible for the STEMI. The narrowing is then expanded with a fluid filled balloon. In some cases this is followed by the placement of a stent (a cylindrical metal scaffold) at the site of the region which has been dilated. The stent may or may not be impregnated with a drug to prevent recurrence of narrowing (this depends on clinical circumstances and angiographic findings). If primary PCI cannot be performed then the STEMI patient is usually treated with a fibrinolytic agent to dissolve the clot present at the culprit site. The fibrinolytic agent is delivered by peripheral venous cannulation. In some cases there are residual symptoms or physical signs persisting (or recurring) despite fibrinolytic treatment and in these cases the patient may undergo subsequent “rescue” PCI.

Treatment may further comprise administration of an anti-thrombotic, anti-platelet drug, for example, a glycoprotein IIB/IIIA inhibitor (e.g. abciximab, eptifibatide, or tirofiban), or an adenosine diphosphate (ADP) receptor inhibitor (e.g. clopidogrel, prasugrel, ticagrelor, or ticlopidine).

Preferably, the sample from which MIF, Nt-proBNP (or BNP) and troponin is measured is plasma. Plasma may be obtained by anti-coagulating blood with EDTA, sodium heparin, lithium heparin, sodium citrate or sodium oxalate. Alternatively, the sample in which MIF, Nt-proBNP (or BNP) and troponin is measured from is serum or blood. In one embodiment, the sample may be whole blood.

“Acute coronary syndrome” or “ACS” refers to a spectrum of conditions involving chest discomfort or other symptoms caused by lack of oxygen to the heart. The symptom is consequent upon erosion, fissuring or rupture of a pre-existing atherosclerotic plaque, and occurs spontaneously. In the absence of evidence of myocardial necrosis, unstable angina is diagnosed, but in the presence of evidence of myocardial necrosis (e.g. a plasma biomarker), AMI is diagnosed. Thus, ACS may comprise unstable angina or AMI. “ACS” does not include stable angina.

“Acute myocardial infarction” or “AMI” refers to the interruption of blood supply to a part of the heart, causing restriction in blood supply (“ischaemia”), lack of oxygen, and cell death (“necrosis”), and is a type of ACS. This may result in damage or death of heart muscle tissue (myocardium). Thus, “myocardial necrosis” refers to the death of heart cells. AMI may be divided into ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), diagnosed by elevation of the ST segment of the electrocardiogram, and non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (non-STEMI), diagnosed by absence of such electrocardiographic changes. STEMI may be treated with thrombolysis or PCI. Non-STEMI may be managed with medication, although PCI is often performed during hospital admission.

As used herein, the term MACE (‘major adverse cardiac events) refers to cardiac death and other non-fatal cardiovascular outcomes. Non-exhaustive examples of MACE include myocardial infarction, unstable angina, heart failure, percutaneous cardiac intervention, coronary artery bypass grafting, malignant dysrhythmia, cardiac shock, implantable cardiac defibrillator, and malignant dysrhythmia.

As used herein, the term “HF-rehospitalisation free survival” refers to the prognosis of those patients not readmitted to hospital due to heart failure, following diagnosis of ACS. In other words, re-hospitalisation for HF can be defined as a hospital readmission for which HF was the primary reason.

As used herein, the term “all-cause mortality free survival” refers to prognosis of those patients who have not died from any underlying condition.

As used herein, the term “cardiac death free survival” refers to prognosis of those patients who have not died from any cardiac related condition.

In any aspect of the invention, prognosis may be indicative of survival or non-fatal cardiac events 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 28, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, 52, 54, 56, 58, 60, 62, 64, 66, 68, 70, 72, 74, 76, 78, 80 or more, months following diagnosis of ACS.

A “coronary event” refers to any severe or acute cardiovascular condition including AMI, unstable angina, or cardiac mortality.

“Left ventricular hypertrophy” or “LVH” refers to thickening of the myocardium (muscle) of the left ventricle of the heart.

“Left ventricular end-diastolic volume” or “LVEDV” is defined as the volume of blood within the left ventricle immediately before contraction.

“Left ventricular end-systolic volume” or “LVESV” is defined as the volume of blood remaining within the left ventricle at the end of contraction.

“Stroke volume” is defined as the difference between LVEDV and LVESV and refers to the volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle with each contraction (heartbeat).

“Left ventricular ejection fraction” or “LVEF” is defined as the fraction of the LVEDV that is ejected with each contraction (heartbeat); that is, “stroke volume” divided by LVEDV. LVEF may be expressed as a percentage.

As used herein, “infarct size” is measured by cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR), integrated biomarker levels or echocardiography and is defined as the area of hyperenhanced myocardium (bounded by manually traced endocardial and epicardial contours) on each short axis slice multiplied by the slice thickness and the myocardial density of 1.05 g/ml to obtain the infarct mass, and expressed as a percentage of left ventricular mass.

As used herein, “left ventricular mass indexed” refers to the left ventricular mass in g divided by the square of the height in m of a subject, and is expressed in units g/m².

As used herein, “biomarker” refers to a measurable substance, detection of which typically indicates a particular cardiac disease. A “biomarker” may indicate a change in expression or state of the measurable substance that correlates with the prognosis of a disease. A “biomarker” may be a protein or peptide. A “biomarker” may be measured in a bodily fluid such as plasma, blood or serum. As used herein, “biomarkers” include plasma macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and troponin, and may further include myoglobin, C reactive protein or creatine kinase (CK).

In one embodiment, MIF, Nt-proBNP (or BNP) and troponin are full length. In another embodiment, MIF, BNP and troponin comprise a fragment thereof. Preferably, the MIF, Nt-proBNP (or BNP) and troponin are human.

Troponin may be troponin I, including cardiac troponin I (cTnI), troponin T or high sensitivity troponin T (hs-TnT). A skilled person will understand that hs-TnT is a form of troponin that allows for very low concentrations of troponin to be measured accurately and early following ACS.

Preferably, MIF is human MIF for clinical prognosis and comprises the amino acid sequence provided as NCBI Reference Sequence: NP 002406.1 (SEQ ID NO: 1):

MPMFIVNTNVPRASVPDGFLSELTQQLAQATGKPPQYIAVHVVPDQLMAF GGSSEPCALCSLHSIGKIGGQNRSYSKLLCGLLAERLRISPDRVYINYYD MNAANVGWNNSTFA

Alternatively, MIF may be from another mammal, for example primate, murine, bovine, ovine, equine, porcine, canine or feline, for veterinarian prognosis.

As used herein, “prognosis” and related terms refer to the description of the likely outcome of ACS. This may include risk of MACE, MACE-free survival, HF-rehospitalisation free survival, all-cause mortality free survival and cardiac death free survival. Prognosis may also include prediction of favorable responses to ACS treatments, such as thrombolysis. As measurement of plasma biomarker concentration correlates with the magnitude of AMI (e.g. quantification of infarct size), plasma concentration of the biomarkers defined above enables assessment of the likely morbidity and mortality arising from the infarct (prognosis). As will be understood by those skilled in the art, the prediction may need not be correct for 100% of the subjects evaluated. The term, however, requires that a statistically significant portion of subjects can be identified as having an increased probability of having a given outcome.

Furthermore, measurement of plasma MIF, BNP and/or troponin concentration may quantify the ACS, thereby enabling prognosis of the ACS.

As used herein, “onset of symptoms” or “symptom onset” is the time at which a subject begins to experience a departure from normal physiology.

As used herein, “admission” refers to the formal acceptance by a hospital or other health care facility of a subject who is to be provided with medical treatment. In particular, “admission” will be associated with an accurate time at which the subject is accepted for medical treatment.

As used herein, admission plasma MIF concentration refers to the MIF concentration measured in plasma derived from a blood sample obtained as soon as practicable after admission, but typically less than 4 hours after symptom onset. Alternatively, admission plasma MIF concentration may refer to the MIF concentration measured in plasma derived from a blood sample obtained 210 minutes, 180 minutes, 150 minutes, 120 minutes, 110 minutes, 100 minutes, 90 minutes, 80 minutes, 70 minutes, 60 minutes, 50 minutes, 40 minutes, 30 minutes, 20 minutes, 10 minutes or 5 minutes or less after symptom onset.

If a subject has not been accepted for medical treatment, but is at home or place of work for example, admission plasma MIF concentration is understood to mean less than 240 minutes, or 210 minutes, 180 minutes, 150 minutes, 120 minutes, 110 minutes, 100 minutes, 90 minutes, 80 minutes, 70 minutes, 60 minutes, 50 minutes, 40 minutes, 30 minutes, 20 minutes, 10 minutes or 5 minutes or less after symptom onset.

As used herein, plasma Nt-proBNP (or BNP) concentration refers to the Nt-proBNP (or BNP) concentration measured in plasma derived from a blood sample obtained from a patient following symptom onset or hospital admission. In particular, the sample may be plasma derived from a blood sample obtained less than about, or between, any of the following: about 0.5 days, 1.0 day, 1.5 days, 2.0 days, 2.5 days, 3.0 days, 3.5 days, 4.0 days, 4.5 days, 5.0 days, 5.5 days, 6.0 days, 6.5 days or more after symptom onset. Preferably Nt-proBNP (or BNP) concentrations are determined in plasma derived from a blood sample obtained from a patient 3 days following symptom onset or hospital admission.

As used herein, plasma troponin concentration refers to the troponin measured in plasma derived from a blood sample obtained from a patient following symptom onset or hospital admission. In particular, the sample may be plasma derived from a blood sample obtained less than about, or between, any of the following: about 0.5 days, 1.0 day, 1.5 days, 2.0 days, 2.5 days, 3.0 days, 3.5 days, 4.0 days, 4.5 days, 5.0 days, 5.5 days, 6.0 days, 6.5 days, 7.0 days, 7.5 days, 8.0 days, 8.5 days, 9.0 days, 9.5 days, 10.0 days, 10.5 days, 11 days, 11.5 days, 12 days or more after symptom onset or hospital admission.

The time at which a sample may be taken from a subject is applicable to all aspects of the invention.

As used herein, “means for measuring” plasma MIF, Nt-proBNP (or BNP) or troponin refers to any mechanism by which MIF, Nt-proBNP (or BNP) or troponin can be determined (assayed or quantified). For instance, plasma MIF, Nt-proBNP (or BNP) or troponin may be determined in a sample using any method known to those skilled in the art for detecting proteins including, but not limited to, for example immunoassays such as, for example ELISA, enzyme immunoassay (EIA), Western blot, slot blot, dot blot, or immunoprecipitation followed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, (SDS-PAGE), chromatography and the like. Dendrimer-enhanced radial partition immunoassays and immunofluorescence assays, for example, are known in the art and are commercially available. Troponin may also be measured using a highly sensitive troponin assay.

As used herein, “assay”, and variants thereof, refers to measurement or quantification of the concentration of plasma MIF, Nt-proBNP (or BNP) or troponin or other biomarkers herein defined.

One exemplary agent for detecting a protein of interest is an antibody, or fragment thereof, capable of specifically binding to plasma MIF, Nt-proBNP (or BNP) or troponin. The antibody may detectably labelled, either directly or indirectly.

Anti-MIF antibodies are commercially available from suppliers such as Abcam and include: chicken polyclonal anti-MIF antibody (ab34644); goat polyclonal anti-MIF antibody (ab36146, ab14574); rabbit polyclonal anti-MIF (C-terminus) antibody (ab65869); rabbit polyclonal anti-MIF antibody (ab86670); mouse monoclonal anti-MIF antibody (ab55445); and mouse anti-MIF monoclonal antibody [2Ar3] (ab14575).

Troponin and anti-hsTnT antibodies are commercially available from suppliers such as Roche. Approaches to measure hs-TnT include fragment antigen binding of two hs-TnT specific monoclonal antibodies, detectable in a sandwich format. Antibodies recognise epitopes corresponding to amino acids 125-131 and 135-147 of hs-TnT. Detection can be performed by chemiluminesence using Tris (bipyridol)-ruthenium (II).

Anti-Nt-proBNP (or BNP) and Nt-proBNP antibodies are available from commercial suppliers. Polyclonal antibodies bind to epitopes on residues 1-21 and 29-50 and expression can be detected through routine means in the art including labelling with biotin followed by ruthenium. The complex binds nTproBNP which is detected through streptavidin labelled microparticles.

Immunoassays for plasma MIF, Nt-proBNP (or BNP) or troponin may comprise incubating a sample with a detectably labelled antibody, or antibody fragment, capable of specifically binding plasma MIF, Nt-proBNP (or BNP) or troponin, and detecting the bound antibody by any of a number of techniques well-known in the art. As discussed in more detail, below, the term “labelled” can refer to direct labelling of the antibody via, e.g., coupling (i.e., physically linking) a detectable substance to the antibody, and can also refer to indirect labelling of the antibody by reactivity with another reagent that is directly labelled. An example of indirect labelling includes detection of a primary antibody using a fluorescently labelled secondary antibody.

The sample can be brought in contact with and immobilised on a solid support or carrier, or other solid support, which is capable of immobilising soluble proteins. The support can then be washed with suitable buffers followed by treatment with the detectably labelled antibody. The solid support can then be washed with the buffer a second time to remove unbound antibody. The amount of bound label on solid support can then be detected by conventional methods.

By “solid support or carrier” is intended to be any support capable of binding an antigen or an antibody. Well-known supports or carriers include nitrocellulose, glass, polystyrene, polypropylene, polyethylene, dextran, nylon, amylases, natural and modified celluloses, polyacrylamides and magnetite. The nature of the solid support or carrier can be either soluble to some extent or insoluble.

The solid support can have virtually any possible structural configuration so long as the coupled molecule is capable of binding to an antigen or antibody. Thus, the support configuration can be spherical, as in a bead, or cylindrical, as in the inside surface of a test tube, or the external surface of a rod. Alternatively, the surface can be flat such as a sheet, test strip, etc. Those skilled in the art will know many other suitable carriers for binding antibody or antigen, or will be able to ascertain the same by use of routine experimentation.

One of the ways in which an antibody specific for plasma MIF, Nt-proBNP (or BNP) or troponin can be detectably labelled is by linking the antibody to an enzyme for use in an enzyme immunoassay. The enzyme bound to the antibody will react with an appropriate substrate, preferably a chromogenic substrate, in such a manner as to produce a chemical moiety which can be detected, for example, by spectrophotometric, fluorimetric or by visual means. Enzymes that can be used to detectably label the antibody include, but are not limited to, malate dehydrogenase, staphylococcal nuclease, delta-5-steroid isomerase, yeast alcohol dehydrogenase, alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, triose phosphate isomerase, horseradish peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, asparaginase, glucose oxidase, beta-galactosidase, ribonuclease, urease, catalase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glucoamylase and acetylcholinesterase. The detection and measurement can be accomplished by colorimetric methods which employ a chromogenic substrate for the enzyme. Detection and measurement can also be accomplished by visual comparison of the extent of enzymatic reaction of a substrate in comparison with similarly prepared standards.

Detection and measurement can also be accomplished using any of a variety of other immunoassays. For example, by radioactively labelling the antibody or functional antibody fragment, it is possible to detect plasma levels of biomarkers through the use of a radioimmunoassay (RIA). The radioactive isotope (e.g., ¹²⁵I, ¹³¹I, ³⁵S, ³²P or ³H) can be detected by such means as the use of a gamma counter or a scintillation counter or by autoradiography.

It is also possible to label the antibody with a fluorescent or luminescent compound. When the fluorescently labelled antibody is exposed to light of the appropriate wavelength, its presence can then be detected due to fluorescence. Among the most commonly used fluorescent labelling compounds are fluorescein isothiocyanate, rhodamine, phycoerythrin, phycocyanin, allophycocyanin, o-phthaldehyde and fluorescamine.

The antibody can also be detectably labelled using fluorescence emitting metals such as ¹⁵²Eu, or others of the lanthanide series. These metals can be attached to the antibody using such metal chelating groups as diethylenetriaminepentacetic acid (DTPA) or ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). Fluorescence energy transfer compounds may also be employed.

The antibody also can be detectably labelled by coupling it to a chemiluminescent compound. The presence of the chemiluminescent-tagged antibody is then determined by detecting the presence of luminescence that arises during the course of a chemical reaction. Examples of particularly useful chemiluminescent labelling compounds are luminol, isoluminol, theromatic acridinium ester, imidazole, acridinium salt and oxalate ester. Likewise, a bioluminescent compound can be used to label the antibody. Bioluminescence is a type of chemiluminescence found in biological systems in, which a catalytic protein increases the efficiency of the chemiluminescent reaction. The presence of a bioluminescent protein is determined by detecting the presence of luminescence. Important bioluminescent compounds for purposes of labelling are luciferin, luciferase and aequorin.

In another embodiment, specific binding molecules other than antibodies, such as aptamers, may be used to bind plasma MIF, Nt-proBNP (or BNP) or troponin.

Other “means for measuring” plasma MIF, Nt-proBNP (or BNP) or troponin include chromatography or electrophoresis with dye-based detection, or proteomics approaches employing spectrometry such as mass spectrometry.

Spectrometry may be used to measure dye-based assays, including visible dyes, and fluorescent or luminescent agents.

A protein chip assay may be used to measure plasma MIF, Nt-proBNP (or BNP) or troponin.

Plasma MIF, Nt-proBNP (or BNP) or troponin can also be measured or assayed using of one or more of the following methods. For example, methods may include nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, a mass spectrometry method, such as electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), ESI-MS/MS, ESI-MS/(MS)n (n is an integer greater than zero), matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS), surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (SELDI-TOF-MS), desorption/ionization on silicon (DIOS), secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS)3 quadrupole time-of-flight (Q-TOF), atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (APCI-MS), APCI-MS/MS, APCI-(MS), atmospheric pressure photoionization mass spectrometry (APPI-MS), APPI-MS/MS, and APPI-(MS). Other mass spectrometry methods may include quadrupole, Fourier transform mass spectrometry (FTMS) and ion trap. Other suitable methods may include chemical extraction partitioning, column chromatography, ion exchange chromatography, hydrophobic (reverse phase) liquid chromatography, isoelectric focusing, one-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE) or other chromatography, such as thin-layer, gas or liquid chromatography, or any combination thereof.

In one embodiment, LDI-TOF-MS allows the generation of large amounts of information in a relatively short period of time. A biological sample is applied to one of several varieties of a support that binds MIF, BNP or troponin in the sample. Samples are applied directly to these surfaces in volumes as small as 0.5 μL, with or without prior purification or fractionation. The sample can be concentrated or diluted prior to application onto the support surface. Laser desorption/ionization is then used to generate mass spectra of the sample in as little as three hours.

A bead assay may also be used to measure plasma MIF, Nt-proBNP (or BNP) or troponin concentrations.

As used herein, “device” refers to a physical arrangement of components for performing an assay for measuring plasma MIF, Nt-proBNP (or BNP) or troponin. The device may be a point-of-care device used by a medical practitioner to measure plasma MIF, Nt-proBNP (or BNP) or troponin without the need for laboratory measurement.

Alternatively, a point-of-care device may be used domestically, for example in a subject at risk of a first or subsequent coronary event. Alternatively, the device may be in a laboratory located separately to the subject in whom plasma MIF, Nt-proBNP (or BNP) or troponin is to be measured.

The device may employ an electrochemical cell. Electrochemical cells may use electrodes positioned within the cell in a side-by-side or “coplanar” layout to minimize the electrical interference between the electrodes. Alternatively, electrochemical cells may use non coplanar electrodes that exploit the electrical interference between the electrodes to yield additional information about the sample including information that can correct for patient to patient variations in hematocrit and interfering chemical substances that may be present in a sample.

The device may provide a qualitative output (e.g. yes/no, presence/absence/, high/low), a numerical or quantified output (e.g. concentration), or an output for visual inspection (e.g. a colour for comparison with a reference scale).

As used herein, “kit” refers to a physical arrangement of components, one of which may be the device for measuring plasma MIF, Nt-proBNP (or BNP) and/or troponin. The kit may include a reagent such as an anti-MIF, anti-Nt-proBNP (or BNP) or anti-troponin immunogenic moiety, a secondary detection agent for detecting the immunogenic moiety, or a reagent for sample preparation and/or processing, for example a buffer. The kit may include means, such as reagents, to perform a highly sensitive assay, such as for the detection of hs-TnT.

The device or kit may be accompanied by instructions or directions for use of the device or kit in any method described herein.

As used herein, a device or kit may be in alternative forms. One form designates either suitability for or restriction to a specific use and is indicated by the word “for”. Another form is restricted to a specific use only and is indicated by the words “when used for” or similar. In one embodiment of the method for treating ACS in a subject, plasma MIF, Nt-proBNP (or BNP) or troponin is measured using the device disclosed herein.

Survival analysis can be performed using the Kaplan-Meier method (as described in the Example herein and shown in FIGS. 3 and 5). The Kaplan-Meier method estimates the survival function from life-time data. In medical research, it can be used to measure the fraction of patients living for a certain amount of time after treatment. A plot of the Kaplan-Meier method of the survival function is a series of horizontal steps of declining magnitude which, when a large enough sample is taken, approaches the true survival function for that population. The value of the survival function between successive distinct sampled observations (“clicks”) is assumed to be constant.

An important advantage of the Kaplan-Meier curve is that the method can take into account “censored” data-losses from the sample before the final outcome is observed (for instance, if a patient withdraws from a study). On the plot, small vertical tick-marks indicate losses, where patient data has been censored. When no truncation or censoring occurs, the Kaplan-Meier curve is equivalent to the empirical distribution.

In statistics, the log-rank test (also known as the Mantel-Cox test) is a hypothesis test to compare the survival distributions of two groups of patients. It is a nonparametric test and appropriate to use when the data are right censored. It is widely used in clinical trials to establish the efficacy of new drugs compared to a control group when the measurement is the time to event. The log-rank test statistic compares estimates of the hazard functions of the two groups at each observed event time. It is constructed by computing the observed and expected number of events in one of the groups at each observed event time and then adding these to obtain an overall summary across all time points where there is an event. The log-rank statistic can be derived as the score test for the Cox proportional hazards model comparing two groups. It is therefore asymptotically equivalent to the likelihood ratio test statistic based from that model.

It will be understood that the invention disclosed and defined in this specification extends to all alternative combinations of two or more of the individual features mentioned or evident from the text or drawings. All of these different combinations constitute various alternative aspects of the invention.

It will be understood that these examples are intended to demonstrate these and other aspects of the invention and although the examples describe certain embodiments of the invention, it will be understood that the examples do not limit these embodiments to these things. Various changes can be made and equivalents can be substituted and modifications made without departing from the aspects and/or principles of the invention mentioned above. All such changes, equivalents and modifications are intended to be within the scope of the claims set forth herein.

EXAMPLES Example 1

This study was conducted to determine whether a single measurement of admission MIF alone or in combination with BNP and/or troponin, could provide predictive information of long-term survival and nonfatal cardiovascular events in patients with STEMI.

Methods Study Population and Design

The inventors consecutively recruited during June 2010 to April 2015 patients with STEMI who received treatment with PCI at the Department of Cardiology, Third Hospital of Peking University. Inclusion criteria were: (1) presentation with STEMI (typical symptoms for >30 minutes and <12 hours plus persistent ST-segment elevation of >2 mV in at least two contiguous precordial ECG-leads or al mV in at least two contiguous limb ECG-leads or a newly developed left bundle branch Block); (2) with invasive treatment by PCI; (3) availability of MIF measurements from blood samples on admission. Patients having one or more of the following criteria were excluded: (1) previous ACS within 1 month; (2) rescue angioplasty; (3) current infections, known malignant, inflammatory or autoimmune disease; (4) end-stage renal disease (estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate <30 ml/min/kg) and (5) unwillingness. The process of recruitment and study protocol are illustrated in FIG. 1.

Baseline clinical data such as history of disease and medication were collected from medical records. Hypertension was diagnosed in the presence of active treatment with antihypertensive agents or otherwise as a systolic blood pressure of 2140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure of 290 mmHg on at least 2 separate occasions. Hypercholesterolemia was diagnosed in the presence of active treatment with lipid-lowering drugs or value of total cholesterol ≥6.22 mmol/L or low density lipoprotein cholesterol ≥4.14 mmol/L. Current smokers were defined as those currently smoking any tobacco. Diagnosis of diabetes mellitus was confirmed by the active treatment with antidiabetic medicine or with a fasting plasma glucose level ≥7 mmol/L or a nonfasting level of ≥11.1 mmol/L. Patients were prospectively classified according to maximum Killip class by 3 clinicians on admission and during hospitalisation. This prospective cohort study was approved by the Human Ethics Committee, Peking University Health Science Centre and performed in accordance with the requirements of the Declaration of Helsinki. Informed consent was obtained from all participants.

PPCI and Medication

After a previous loading dose of 300 mg aspirin and 600 mg clopidogrel, coronary angiogram was performed. Quantitative coronary angiographic analysis was performed on analysis before and after interventions. Culprit lesion, numbers of significantly stenosed vessels, TIMI reclassification pre- and post-PCI were recorded. Interventions were performed according to current guidelines. Thrombus aspiration, use of Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors (Tirofiban), intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) implanting were administered at the discretion of the operator. There were two independent observers blinded to our trial calculating ST-segment resolution by predefined criteria at 60 min after revascularization with a cutoff value <50% defined as incomplete ST-segment resolution.

Following the PCI procedure, patients were prescribed Enoxaparin Sodium (100 U/kg/q12 h for 3 days), and other secondary preventions as aspirin (100 mg/day), clopidogrel (75 mg/day for 12 months), cholesterol-lowering treatment (statins), β-receptor antagonists and Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blocker (ACEI/ARB). All patients received standard and individualized medical treatment and management at the discretion of an attending cardiologist.

Study End Points and Follow Up

The short-term endpoint of our study was incomplete ST-segment resolution post primary PCI as a surrogate of inefficient myocardial reperfusion. Long-term following up was accomplished by reviewing the hospital records, contacting patients or their relatives by telephone individually. Information was collected on occurrence of death due to cardiovascular causes (CVD), major adverse cardiac events (MACE) consisting of all-cause mortality, recurrent MI, and re-hospitalisation for heart failure (HF). The long-term end points were all-cause mortality and the composite endpoint of MACE. Recurrent MI was defined as accordance with the universal definition proposed in 2012. Re-hospitalisation for HF was defined as a hospital readmission due to HF as the primary reason.

Echocardiography

Echocardiography was performed at day-3 and around 12 months of follow-up period after MI using Vivid 7 (Vingmed, GE, Horten, Norway) with a 3.3-MHz multiphase array probe. Standard echocardiographic views were acquired under supervision of experienced cardiologists. Left ventricular end-diastolic dimension and ejection fraction (LVEF) was obtained using the modified biplane Simpson method.

Routine Laboratory Measurements

Venous blood samples were collected at admission and then every 6 hours for the first two days for assay of CK-MB and Hs-TnT. Peak concentrations were identified to estimate infarct size. Nt-proBNP and hs-CRP concentrations were determined on median day 3 post-MI, since their prognostic value at this time outperformed those of other timings during the acute phase.

All routine biochemical assays were performed immediately after collection of blood samples using commercially available automated platform. CK-MB, hs-CRP, blood lipids and plasma creatinine concentration were analyzed using an AU5400 automatic chemical analyzer (Beckman Coulter, California, USA). Both of Hs-TnT and NT-pro-BNP were measured using E601 immunoassay analyzer (Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany). Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated according to Cockcroft-Gault formula. All the results of tests were obtained at the Clinical Biochemistry Department of Beijing University Third Hospital based on manufacturers' recommendation or literature.

Measurement of Plasma MIF Concentration

Immediately after admission, blood samples were collected prior to antiplatelet drugs and primary PCI by venepuncture into vacutainer tubes containing heparin lithium. Plasma was isolated from whole blood by centrifugation at 3000 rpm for 10 min at 4° C., then divided into aliquots and stored at −80° C. until analysis. Repeated freeze-thaw cycles were avoided. Plasma MIF was measured, in duplicates, using Quantikine MIF ELISA kits (DMF00B, R&D Systems) according to manufacturer's specifications. The coefficient of variation for intra- and inter-assay variation was 2.8±1.6% and 5.8±1.3% respectively. For comparison, we also measured MIF level of healthy people (n=65) and of patients presenting to the emergency department with chest pain not to be due to cardiac ischemia (n=600). All these assays were performed by personnel blinded to patient's identity and outcome.

Statistical Analysis

Aorta was primarily analysed by identifying 3 tertiles of initial MIF measurement. Categorical variables were summarized as percentage and compared using chi-squared test to compare between tertile MIF groups. Continuous variables are presented as means±SD or median with interquartile range (IQR) and the association between tertile MIF with them were tested by one-way ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis rank-sum test. The association between MIF level and other continuous variables (e.g. biomarkers, LVEF) was tested by Spearman's rank order correlation. Due to non-normal distribution, all biomarkers were logarithmically or log-2 transformed prior to entry into the statistical models. The primary endpoint (complete ST-segment resolution) was analyzed with a logistic regression model.

Kaplan-Meier curves were generated to visualize the relationship of tertile MIF level with long-term prognosis. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed using the Cox proportional hazard models. Four models for the adjustment of covariates were utilized: Model 1, adjusted for age, sex, eGFR and log 2MIF; Model 2, adjusted for all factors in model 1 plus other characteristics as body BMI, haemoglobin, previous MI, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, current smoking, hypocholesteremia, symptom-admission time <6 h, 3 vessel disease, Killip class>1, culprit lesion of left anterior descending (LAD), ST-segment resolution, thrombus aspiration, use of Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor during the PCI, TIMI reclassification pre- and post-PCI; Model 3, adjusted for all factors in Model 2 plus conventional biomarkers including hs-TnT peak, Nt-proBNP and hs-CRP; Model-4, adjusted for all factors in Model 3 plus day-3 LVEF.

Patients were defined separately with individual biomarker in high tertile as positive group (+), while in median and low tertile as negative group (−) to study prognostic value of different combinations including Nt-proBNP/MIF, hs-TnT peak/MIF, Nt-proBNP/hs-TnT peak and Triple groups. Discrimination was evaluated using C-statistic. Continuous net reclassification improvement (NRI) and integrated discrimination improvement (IDI) were also calculated to quantify the degree of correct reclassification as a result of adding admission MIF to the clinical risk models. All probability values are two-tailed and was considered statistically significant <0.05. Calculations of C-statistics, NRI and IDI were performed using package “surviC1” and “survIDINRI” in R programming 3.4.0 for Windows (R Development Core Team, 2016), other data analyses were performed using SPSS (version 22.0; SPSS, Inc. Chicago, Ill.).

Results Clinical Characteristics

A total of 489 patients with confirmed diagnosis of STEMI were initially recruited into this prospective study. Of them, 35 patients were excluded based on exclusion criteria and another 33 patients were lost to follow-up (n=25) whilst 8 patients did not have available blood samples or lacked admission MIF measures (n=8), leading to the final study cohort of 421 patients (FIG. 1). Their median age was 60 years and 81% were male. The median (interquartile range) of admission MIF was 53.90 (35.51-82.13) ng/ml, significantly higher than other two reference groups: healthy control 16.9(12.8-22.9) ng/ml and chest pain patients presented at emergency department without ischaemic etiology 26.8(21.7-34.6) ng/ml (FIG. 6).

The characteristics of this patient cohort are summarized according to MIF tertile in Tables 1 and Table 2. MIF levels were not associated with neither age, gender or eGFR, BMI, nor diastolic blood pressure or heart rate. STEMI patients in the high MIF tertile group tended to have a higher prevalence of hypertension (P=0.088), higher systolic blood pressure (P=0.066), and were more likely to have culprit vessel lesion in the LAD (P=0.062). Other conditions of previous risk factors of coronary heart diseases and CAG results were similar in three groups (Table 1). There was also no significant difference between the 3 groups in the proportion of patients treated with secondary prevention of aspirin, clopidogrel, statins, ACEI or ARBs, and P-blockers, on admission (not shown) or at discharge (Table 1) between the 3 groups.

Moderate but highly significant correlations were observed between concentrations of admission MIF and necrosis markers, peak levels of hsTnT (r=0.458, P<0.001) and CK-MB (r=0.305, P<0.001). Meanwhile, MIF level was also associated with inflammatory markers such as white blood cell count (r=0.210, P<0.001), non-fasting glucose (r=0.137, P<0.001) at initial presentation and CRP at Day 3(r=0.132, P<0.001), while not with hemoglobin, serum cholesterol or HbA1c %.

TABLE 1 Characteristics of basic clinical date of patients with STEMI Tertiles of admission MlF (ng/ml) <40.4 40.4-70.9 ≥70.9 Total (Low) (Median) (High) P value number 421 140 140 141 age 60.4 ± 13.1 60.8 ± 12.3 59.2 ± 13.4 61.3 ± 13.7 0.780 gender, % 81 78 85 80 0.327 Systolic BP, mmHg 133 ± 20  132 ± 19  130 ± 19  136 ± 21  0.066 Diastolic BP, mmHg 78 ± 13 79 ± 13 77 ± 12 79 ± 13 0.216 Heart rate, bpm  4 ± 19 74 ± 13 74 ± 23 75 ± 20 0.887 Body mass index, kg/M² 25.6 ± 4.3  25.6 ± 5.7  25.4 ± 3.6  25.8 ± 3.2  0.692 eGFR, mmol/L 90.34 ± 34   86 ± 32 91 ± 30 94 ± 37 0.655 Admission time <6 h, % 77.9 83.0 72.9 77.9 0.142 History, % Hypertension 57.2 56.0 51.4 64.3 0.088 Diabetes 24.9 26.2 27.1 21.4 0.493 Hypocholesteremia 32.5 34.8 31.4 31.4 0.790 Current smoking 67.5 65.2 68.6 68.1 0.752 Previous Myocardial 6.7 8.5 7.2 4.3 0.349 infarction Family history of 21.2 19.9 21.4 22.1 0.891 Angiographic data, % Culprit vessel LAD 46.2 45.4 39.6 53.6 0.062 3-vessel lesion 35.4 32.6 35.7 37.9 0.653 Stents 96.4 96.5 95.7 97.1 0.868 Thrombus aspiration 15.7 15.6 18.6 12.9 0.421 Tirofiban 33.0 35.5 33.6 30.0 0.614 IABP in situ 3.6 2.9 2.9 5.0 0.532 Timi = 0, before PCI 78.9 79.4 84.3 72.9 0.663 Timi <3, After PCI 3.1 2.8 2.9 3.6 0.921 ST-segment resolution <50% 25.9 15.6 22.9 39.3 <0.001 LVEDD >55 mm, % 33.1 37.5 46.7 39.1 0.062 LVEF <50%, % 35.3 23.4 30.2 51.5 <0.001 Killip class II-IV, % 18.1 12.8 18.6 22.9 0.087 Medication, % Clopidogrel 99.5 98.5 100.0 99.3 0.663 Aspirin 98.1 98.6 97.1 98.6 0.597 Statins 96.4 97.2 97.9 94.3 0.232 ACEI/ARBs 72.7 77.3 66.9 73.7 0.578 β-blocker 71.8 76.6 69.6 69.1 0.297

Data are presented either as mean±SD, percentage or median (25th percentile; 75th percentile). Categorical variables are indicated as percentage (%) of patients. eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate. LAD, left anterior descending; IABP, intra-aortic balloon pump; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; LVEDD, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter; PCI, Percutaneous coronary intervention. P-values were derived from Mann-Whitney U statistics, One-way ANOVA test, or Chi-squire test for comparison among MIF tertile groups.

TABLE 2 Baseline laboratory measurements Tertiles of admission MIF (ng/ml) <40.4 40.4-70.9 ≥70.9 Total (Low) (Median) (High) P value number 421 140 140 141 White blood cells, 10.2 ± 03.3 9.4 ± 3.0 9.9 ± 3.0 11.2 ± 3.7 0.001 10⁹/L Hemoglobin, g/L 143 ± 21  141 ± 21  143 ± 18  144 ± 23 0.396 Platelets, 10⁹/L 218 ± 58  211 ± 50  216 ± 60  219 ± 63 0.060 Blood glucose, mmol/L 6.0, 5.1-7.6 5.7, 4.9-7.5 5.9, 5.3-7.7 6.4, 5.1-8.1 0.076 CKMB Peak, U/L 195, 134-309 165, 109-268 180, 129-295 271, 168-377 <0.001 Hs-TnT Peak, ng/ml 4.1, 2.2-6.3 2.7, 1.5-4.0 4.2, 2.1-6.0 6.2, 3.9-7.1 <0.001 Day-3, 931, 376-2029 772, 251-1896 709, 378-1687 1272, 589-2882 0.004 Nt-proBNP, pg/ml Day-3 6.60, 3.60-12.16 4.71, 2.02-12.81 6.15, 2.79-17.85 8.08, 3.20-16.32 0.007 Hs-CPR, pg/ml Day-3 HbA1c, mmol/L 6.3 ± 1.6 6.1 ± 1.4 6.4 ± 1.7 6.3 ± 1.6 0.355 Day-3 LDL-c, mmol/L 2.93 ± 1.24 2.96 ± 0.94 2.92 ± 1.00  2.9 ± 1.66 0.854 Day-3 HDL-c, mmol/L 0.95 ± 0.23 0.94 ± 0.20 0.94 ± 0.19 0.95 ± 0.30 0.887

Data are mean±SD, percentage or median (25th percentile; 75th percentile). NT-proBNP, indicates N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide; LDL-c, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; HDL-c, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; CK-MB, Creatine kinase MB fraction; CRP, C-reactive protein; hs-TnT, high sensitive-troponin T. P-values were derived from Mann-Whitney U test or One-way ANOVA for comparison among MIF tertile groups.

Admission MIF and Cardiac Function at Acute and 12-Month Phase.

Patients in the high tertile admission MIF group had a higher proportion of maximum Killip class >1 during hospitalisation in comparison with those with low tertile (22.9% VS 12.9%, p=0.027). Admission MIF level was associated with elevated Nt-proBNP levels (r=0.182, P<0.001), impaired LVEF [r=−0.288, 95% CI (−0.195,−0.376), P<0.001] and enlarged LVDD (r=0.132, <0.001) on Day-3 after MI. Repeated echocardiography was performed at 12 months during follow-up and MIF had a stronger correlation with F12 LVEF[r=−0.469, 95% CI (−0.387,−0.565), P<0.001] and LVDD (r=0.271, P<0.001). Importantly, after calculating changes in LVEF, our data revealed that high tertile MIF was associated with lack of improvement of LVEF % (P<0.001) at 12-month post-MI compared with the 3 day value (FIG. 2).

MIF and Incomplete ST-Segment Resolution

In the subgroup of high tertile MIF patients, the incidence of ST-segment resolution <50% at 60 mins post-PCI was 2.5 and 1.7-fold higher than that of the low- or median-tertile groups (p<0.001, Table 1). In contrast, admission hs-TnT, CK-MB were not associated with incomplete ST-segment resolution (P=0.34 & P=0.48). In multivariable logistics analyses, as log-2 transformed continuous variables, admission MIF was an independent predictor for incomplete resolution of ST-segment elevation with OR 1.75 (95% CI 1.30-2.34; P<0.001) per doubling in MIF concentration after adjustment of age, gender, eGFR, symptom to admission time<6 h, infarct location, previous history of diabetes, current smoking and WBC levels at initial presentation. Another remaining-significant predictor was anterior infarction location was with OR of 1.30 (95% CI 1.02-1.66; P=0.033).

MIF and Long-Term Adverse Outcomes

107 patients had a MACE during a median follow-up period of 58 months (ranging from 0.1 to 83 months), there were 107 patients who had MACE. Of them, 41 patients died with 31 due to cardiovascular causes. There were 33 patients re-admitted due to HF, and 33 experienced recurrent MI. The admission MIF level was found to be closely associated with long-term adverse outcomes. As shown in FIG. 3, Kaplan-Meier survival curves and log-rank analyses demonstrated different incidence distributions, according to MIF tertiles, of all-cause mortality, cardiovascular death, HF re-hospitalisation and MACE (all P<0.05). To explore the independency of MIF in prognostic prediction, we applied univariate and multi-variate Cox-regression analyses using different models (Table 3). In all 4 clinical risk models tested including clinical characteristics and conventional biomarkers such as Nt-ptoBNP, peak hs-TnT, hs-CRP, and Day-3 LVEF, MIF remained as an independent predictor of all-cause mortality, cardiovascular death and MACE.

TABLE 3 Multivariable Cox Regression Analyses for admission MIF in Ail-Cause Mortality, Cardiovascular death, HF re-hospitalisation and MACE log2 All-cause HF re- MIF MACE immortality CVD hospitalisation un- HR 1.60 2.52 2.83 1.74 adjusted (95% Cl) (1.27-2.03) (1.69-3.75) (1.78-4.50) (1.13-2.67) P value <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.012 Model 1 HR 1.59 2.51 3.09 1.62 (95% Cl) (1.26-2.02) (1.66-3.81) (2.02-4.71) (1.07-2.46) P value <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.024 Model 2 HR 1.49 2.36 2.62 1.61 (95% Cl) (1.16-1.94) (1.52-3.67) (1.56-4.40) (1.05-2.48) P value 0.002 <0.001 <0.001 0.028 Model 3 HR 1.46 2.25 2.55 1.62 (95% Cl) (1.13-1.89) (1.48-3.44) (1.53-4.26) (1.05-2.25) P value 0.004 0.001 0.001 0.03 Model 4 HR 1.33 2.20 2.49 1.44 (95% Cl) (1.01-1.77) (1.42-3.41) (1.52-4.24) (0.93-2.22) P value 0.043 0.002 0.004 0.098 Model 1: adjusted for age, sex, eGFR and log2MIF; Model 2: model 1 plus other characteristics as body mass index (BMI), hemoglobin, previous MI, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, current smoking, hypocholesteremia, symptom-admission time <6 h, 3 vessel disease, Killip class >1, culprit lesion of LAD, ST-segment resolution, use of Glycoprotein libillla inhibitor (Tirofiban) during the PCI, Timi class pre and post PPCI; Model 3: model 2 plus logNt-proBNP, logTnT peak and loghs-CRP; Model 4: model 3 plus LVEF.

We used a clinical risk model consisting of the followings: age, sex, eGFR, hemoglobin, previous MI, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, current smoking, symptom-admission time <6 h, culprit lesion of LAD, 3 vessel disease, Killip class >1, culprit lesion of LAD, ST-segment resolution, TIMI class pre- and post-PCI, hs-TnT peak and day-3 LVEF. Our data showed that inclusion of MIF significantly improved predictive ability estimated by C-statistics of total death [0.84 (0.77-0.90) vs. 0.88 (0.83-0.93), P=0.006] and MACE [0.75 (0.70-0.79) vs. 0.77 (0.72-0.81), P=0.037]. Meanwhile, we calculated how many patients were re-classified after the addition of continuous log 2MIF using continuous NRI 0.48 (95% CI: 0.20-0.62) for all-cause mortality and 0.36 (95% CI: 0.11-0.54) for MACE. Calculated IDI yielded similar improvement with 0.03 (95% CI: 0.02-0.11) for all-cause mortality and 0.02 (95% CI: 0.01-0.05) for MACE (Table 4).

TABLE 4 Discrimination and Reclassification Performance of the Addition of admission MIF Concentrations in Predicting end points, based on C-Statistics, continuous NRI and IDI All-cause mortality MACE log2 MIF Clinical model Clinical model + MIF P Clinical model Clinical model + MIF P C statistics 0.835 0.876 0.006 0.747 0.763 0.037 (95% CI) (0.767-0.904) (0.827-0.927) (0.703-0.792) (0.720-0.806) Continuous NRI Reference 0.476 0.002 Reference 0.362 0.026 (95% CI) (0.204-0.620) (0.112-0.542) IDI Reference 0.027 0.003 Reference 0.020 0.010 (95% CI) (0.018-0.107) (0.005-0.049) Clinical Model: Age, sex, eGFR, BMI, hemoglobin, previous MI, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, current smoking, hypocholesteremia, symptom-admission time <6 h, 3 vessel disease, Killip class >1, culprit lesion of LAD, ST-segment resolution, use of Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor (Tirofiban) during the PCI, Timi class pre and post PPCI, hs-TnT peak and LVEF.

Combined Prognostic Value of MIF and Nt-proBNP

The prognostic merit of MIF relative to hs-TnT peak, CRP, and Nt-proBNP was compared by C-statistics. We found that MIF (C statistics: 0.70, 95% CI: 0.66-0.76) provided better prognostic information than peak hs-TnI (C statistics: 0.66, 95% CI: 0.60-0.70, P<0.05) and hs-CRP (C statistics: 0.59, 95% CI: 0.55-0.76, P<0.001), but was comparable to Nt-proBNP (C statistics: 0.71, 95% CI: 0.66-0.78, P=0.79) in all-cause mortality. Cox regression analysis revealed that, after adjustment for Model 3 (including MIF and golden standard biomarkers as Nt-proBNP, peak hs-TnT and hs-CRP), only admission MIF and Nt-proBNP were independent predictors for adverse outcomes of STEMI patients. However, after adjustment for Model 4 with addition of day-3 LVEF, Nt-proBNP remains significant only for cardiovascular death (Table 5).

TABLE 5 Multivariable Cox Regression Analyses for day 3 Nt-proBNP in All-Cause Mortality, Cardiovascular death, HF re-hospitalisation and MACE All-cause log Nt-proBNP MACE mortality CVD HF re-hospitalisation unadjusted HR(95% CI) 2.41(1.68-3.44) 3.85(2.13-6.96) 4.84(2.42-9.66) 3.65(1.91-6.97) P value <0.001  <0.001  <0.001  <0.001  model 1 HR(95% CI) 1.91(1.32-2.76) 2.40(1.28-4.5) 3.39(1.60-7.21) 2.89(1.47-5.67) P value 0.001 0.006 0.003 0.002 model 2 HR(95% CI) 1.49(1.01-2.20) 2.25(1.18-4.30) 3.12(1.35-7.18) 2.51(1.21-5.23) P value 0.044 0.015 0.008 0.014 model 3 HR(95% CI) 1.60(1.08-2.39) 1.98(1.10-3.87 3.10(1.35-7.18) 2.26(1.08-4.71) P value 0.02  0.045 0.008 0.03  model 4 HR(95% CI) 1.30(0.82-2.06) 1.54(0.75-3.16) 2.64(1.15-5.99) 1.30(0.55-3.04) P value 0.271 0.238 0.022 0.358 Model 1: adjusted for age, sex, eGFR and logNt-proBNP; Model 2: model 1 plus other characteristics as body mass index (BMI), hemoglobin, previous MI, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, current smoking, hypocholesteremia, symptom-admission time <6 h, 3 vessel disease, Killip class >1, culprit lesion of LAD, ST-segment resolution, use of Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor (Tirofiban) during the PCI, TIMI class pre and post PPCI; Model 3: model 2 plus log2MIF. logTnT peak and loghs-CRP; Model 4: model 3 plus LVEF.

To investigate additive prognostic value of combination of MIF and Nt-proBNP, risk stratification of STEMI patients for the endpoints was made according to tertiles of MIF and NT-proBNP levels. The risk of the all-cause mortality (25.4% vs 0.0%, P<0.001) and MACE (47.5% vs 5.6%, P<0.001; FIG. 4) increased significantly in patients with both biomarkers in the highest tertile compared with other counterparts with both biomarkers in the low tertile. Furthermore, to study prognostic value of different combinations, STEMI patients were divided into two subgroups with positive group (+) if individual biomarkers in high tertile and as negative group (−) if in median or low tertile. Compared with those in both negative groups, the hazard ratio of patients in Nt-proBNP (+) MIF (+) group [HR (95% CI): 9.29(3.60-23.94), p<0.001], was more than 9 in total mortality (FIG. 5), higher than Hs-TnT peak (+) MIF (+)[HR (95% CI): 3.94 (1.81-8.57), P<0.001] and Nt-proBNP (+) hs-TnT peak (+) [HR (95% CI): 5.99 (2.62-13.69)] groups, similar to Triple (+) groups [HR (95% CI): 9.58 (3.27-28.04)]. Similar results were shown in Nt-proBNP (+) MIF (+) group with respect to risk of MACE (FIG. 5 & Table 6).

TABLE 6 Univariate Cox regression for All-cause mortality and MACE in STEMI patients grouped according to MIF, Nt-proBNP or hs-TnT peak in high tertile separately. Univariate Cox regression Combined Groups HR (95% CI) P value All-cause Nt-proBNP (−) MIF (−) 1 mortality Nt-proBNP (+) MIF (+) 9.29 <0.001 (3.60-23.94) Nt-proBNP (−) TnT peak (−) 1 Nt-proBNP (+) TnT peak (+) 5.99 <0.001 (2.62-13.69) MW (−) TnT peak (−) 1 M-IF(+) TnT peak (+) 3.94 0.001 (1.81-8.57) Ttiple (−) 1 Triple (+) 9.55 <0.001 (3.27-28.04) Nt-proBNP (−) MIF (−) 1 Nt-proBNP (+)MIF (+) 4.72 <0.001 (2.53-8.80) Nt-proBNP (−) TnT peak (−) 1 Nt-proBNP (+) TnT peak (+) 2.79 <0.001 (1.75-4.45) MACE MIF (−) TnT peak (−) 1 MIF (+) TnT peak (+) 3.90 <0.001 (2.41-6.33) Triple (−) 1 Triple (+) 4.11 <0.001 (2.28-7.40)

Patients grouped according to MIF, Nt-proBNP or hs-TnT peak in high tertile separately.

In summary, these findings demonstrate that in patients with STEMI admission MIF has prognostic value for adverse progression of LV systolic dysfunction, long-term mortality and MACE, independent of clinical established risk factors, acute LVEF and routinely measured biomarkers. In addition, admission MIF together with Nt-proBNP and/or hs-TnT facilitates a better prognostic prediction. The current study establishes admission MIF as a useful biomarker for short- and long-term prognosis in STEMI patients. Admission MIF can accordingly allow for risk stratification of high-risk STEMI patients, who may potentially benefit from more comprehensive diagnostic evaluation and more intensive therapy for secondary prevention. These findings establish the utility of biomarker-guided management strategies to patients who may have poor long-term prognosis. 

1. A method for providing a prognosis of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in a subject comprising determining the concentration of (a) macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) or fragment thereof, and (b) N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide (Nt-proBNP) or a fragment thereof, in a sample from the subject, and prognosing ACS when the subject plasma MIF and Nt-proBNP concentration is greater than a reference plasma MIF and Nt-proBNP concentration.
 2. A method for providing a prognosis of a subject having acute coronary syndrome (ACS), the method comprising: determining the concentration of (a) macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) or fragment thereof, and (b) N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide (Nt-proBNP) or a fragment thereof, in a sample from the subject, comparing the concentration of MIF or fragment thereof to a reference MIF concentration, comparing the concentration of Nt-proBNP or fragment thereof to a reference Nt-proBNP concentration, wherein the concentration of MIF or fragment thereof and Nt-proBNP or fragment thereof compared to their respective reference concentrations is indicative of the subject's prognosis.
 3. A method for providing a prognosis of a subject having ACS, the method comprising determining the concentration of (a) macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) or fragment thereof, and (b) N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide (Nt-proBNP) or a fragment thereof, in a sample from the subject, comparing the concentration of MIF or fragment thereof to a reference MIF concentration, comparing the concentration of Nt-proBNP or fragment thereof to a reference Nt-proBNP concentration, wherein the reference concentrations of MIF and Nt-proBNP are concentrations below which correlate with an increased probability of survival and a decreased probability of non-fatal cardiac events at a later time, and above which correlate with a decreased probability of survival and an increased probability of non-fatal cardiac events at a later time, thereby providing a prognosis of a subject having ACS.
 4. A method for providing a prognosis of a subject having ACS, the method comprising analysing levels of (a) macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) or fragment thereof and (b) B N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide (Nt-proBNP) or a fragment thereof, in a sample from the subject determining the concentration of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) or fragment thereof and N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide (Nt-proBNP) or a fragment thereof in the sample from the subject, comparing the concentration of MIF or fragment thereof to a reference MIF concentration, comparing the concentration of Nt-proBNP or fragment thereof to a reference Nt-proBNP concentration, assigning the subject to a risk group based on whether the concentration of MIF or fragment thereof is higher or lower than the reference concentration, and whether the concentration of Nt-proBNP or fragment thereof is higher or lower than the reference concentration, wherein a concentration of MIF or fragment thereof that is higher than the reference MIF concentration indicates a low likelihood of survival and high likelihood of non-fatal cardiac events, wherein a concentration of Nt-proBNP or fragment thereof that is higher than the reference Nt-proBNP concentration indicates a low likelihood of survival and high likelihood of non-fatal cardiac events, thereby providing a prognosis of a subject having ACS.
 5. A method for providing a prognosis of a subject having ACS, the method comprising determining the concentration of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) or a fragment thereof in a sample from the subject, wherein if the concentration of MIF or fragment thereof from the sample from the subject is equal to or higher than about 70 ng/ml the subject is determined to have a decreased probability of survival and an increased probability of non-fatal cardiac events at a later time, wherein if the concentration of MIF or fragment thereof from the sample from the subject is lower than about 70 ng/ml the subject is determined to have an increased probability of survival and a decreased probability of non-fatal cardiac events at a later time, thereby providing a prognosis of a subject having ACS.
 6. A method for providing a prognosis of a subject having ACS, the method comprising determining the concentration of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) or a fragment thereof in a sample from the subject, comparing the concentration of MIF or fragment thereof to reference MIF concentrations of about 40 ng/ml and about 70 ng/ml, wherein if the concentration of MIF or fragment thereof from the sample from the subject is equal to or lower than about 40 ng/ml the subject is determined to have a high probability of survival and a low probability of non-fatal cardiac events at a later time, wherein if the concentration of MIF or fragment thereof from the sample from the subject is equal to or higher than about 70 ng/ml the subject is determined to have a low probability of survival and a high probability of non-fatal cardiac events at a later time, thereby providing a prognosis of a subject having ACS.
 7. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 6, further comprising determining the concentration of troponin or a fragment thereof.
 8. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the concentrations of MIF, Nt-proBNP and/or troponin or fragments thereof are determined from plasma.
 9. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein ACS is acute myocardial infarction (AMI).
 10. The method according to claim 9, wherein the AMI is ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).
 11. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 10, comprising determining MIF concentration of the subject in a sample taken less than 4 hours after symptom onset.
 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the MIF sample is taken 3 hours or less, 2 hours or less, 1 hour or less, or 30 minutes or less after symptom onset.
 13. The method of any one of claims 1 to 12, wherein instead of the concentration of N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide (Nt-proBNP), the concentration of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) is determined.
 14. The method of any one of claims 7 to 13, wherein the troponin is high sensitive-troponin T (hs-TnT).
 15. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 14, wherein prognosis is determined by assessing MACE-Free survival, All-cause mortality free survival, cardiac death free survival or HF rehospitalisation free survival.
 16. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 15, wherein Nt-proBNP (or BNP) and MIF are measured in the same sample.
 17. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 16, further comprising performing a step of performing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and/or thrombinolysis on the subject.
 18. A method of treating acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in a subject, the method comprising: (a) determining macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) or fragment thereof and N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide (Nt-proBNP) or fragment thereof concentration in a sample taken from the subject, and prognosing ACS when the subject MIF and Nt-proBNP concentration is greater than a reference MIF and Nt-proBNP concentration; and (b) performing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and/or thrombinolysis on the subject.
 19. A device comprising means for determining concentration of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) or fragment thereof and N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide (Nt-proBNP) or fragment thereof in a sample from a subject, for use in a method according to any one of claims 1 to
 18. 20. The device of claim 19, comprising means for performing an immunoassay for determining concentrations of MIF and Nt-proBNP (or BNP).
 21. The device of claim 19 or 20, wherein the device is a point of care device.
 22. The method according to claim 18, or device according to any one of claims 19 to 21, further comprising determining the concentration of troponin or a fragment thereof.
 23. The method or device of claim 22, wherein the troponin is high sensitive-troponin T (hs-TnT).
 24. The method according to any one of claims 7 to 17, wherein if the concentration of troponin from the sample from the subject is equal to or higher than about 4.5 ng/ml the subject is determined to have a decreased probability of survival and an increased probability of non-fatal cardiac events at a later time, wherein if the concentration of troponin from the sample from the subject is lower than about 4.5 ng/ml the subject is determined to have an increased probability of survival and a decreased probability of non-fatal cardiac events at a later time, thereby providing a prognosis of a subject having ACS.
 25. The method or device of any one of claims 19 to 23, wherein instead of the concentration of N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide (Nt-proBNP), the concentration of BNP is determined, or the device comprises a means for determining the concentration of BNP.
 26. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 18, wherein if the concentration of Nt-proBNP (or BNP) from the sample from the subject is equal to or higher than about 1200 pg/ml the subject is determined to have a decreased probability of survival and an increased probability of non-fatal cardiac events at a later time, wherein if the concentration of Nt-proBNP (or BNP) from the sample from the subject is lower than about 1200 pg/ml the subject is determined to have an increased probability of survival and a decreased probability of non-fatal cardiac events at a later time, thereby providing a prognosis of a subject having ACS.
 27. The method or device of any one of claims 18 to 26, wherein the concentrations of MIF, Nt-proBNP (or BNP) and/or troponin are determined from plasma.
 28. A kit comprising a reagent for measuring macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and Nt-proBNP (or BNP) concentrations in a sample from a subject, for use in a method for prognosing ACS in the subject, the method comprising determining MIF and Nt-proBNP (or BNP) concentrations in the sample, prognosing ACS when the subject MIF and Nt-proBNP (or BNP) concentrations are greater than a reference MIF and Nt-proBNP (or BNP) concentration; and/or comprising the device of any one of claims 19 to
 21. 29. The kit of claim 28, further comprising determining the concentration of troponin or a fragment thereof.
 30. The kit of claim 28 or 29, wherein the reagent comprises an anti-MIF antibody, an anti-Nt-proBNP (or BNP) antibody and/or and anti-troponin antibody.
 31. The kit of claim 29, wherein the troponin is high sensitive-troponin T (hs-TnT).
 32. The kit of any one of claims 28 to 31, wherein instead of the concentration of N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide (Nt-proBNP), the concentration of BNP is determined, or the kit comprises a reagent for measuring BNP.
 33. A cardiac biomarker panel comprising plasma macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide (Nt-proBNP) in a sample from a subject, wherein MIF and Nt-proBNP concentrations greater than reference MIF and Nt-proBNP concentrations are prognostic of the magnitude of ACS in the subject.
 34. The cardiac biomarker panel of claim 33, further comprising troponin in a sample from a subject, wherein MIF, Nt-proBNP and troponin concentrations greater than reference MIF, Nt-proBNP and troponin concentrations are prognostic of the magnitude of ACS in the subject.
 35. The cardiac biomarker panel of claim 33 or 34, wherein the ACS is AMI.
 36. The cardiac biomarker panel of any one of claims 33 to 35, wherein the AMI is ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).
 37. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 18, or 22 to 27, wherein the concentration of BNP is determined in plasma derived from a blood sample obtained from a patient 3 days following symptom onset.
 38. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 18, 22 to 27 or 37, further comprising determining the concentration of another biomarker selected from the group consisting of myoglobin, creatine kinase (CK) or C reactive protein (CRP).
 39. The method according to claim 5 or 6, wherein a MIF level greater than about 70 ng/ml is indicative of a 5 year MACE prognosis rate of about 35% and death prognosis rate of about 20%.
 40. The method according to claim 26, wherein a MIF level greater than about 70 ng/ml and a Nt-proBNP level greater than about 1200 pg/ml is indicative of a 5 year MACE prognosis rate of about 50% and death prognosis rate of about 25%.
 41. The method according to claim 40, wherein a troponin level greater than about 4.5 ng/ml is indicative of a 5 year MACE prognosis rate of about 50% and death prognosis rate of about 25%. 